tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27676530758761592992024-02-20T12:51:35.324-08:00Pretty writing paperRecent Debatable Topicsbrookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-87697949577847539102020-08-24T22:22:00.001-07:002020-08-24T22:22:03.812-07:00IP Internetworking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsIP Internetworking - Assignment Example It additionally worries with guaranteeing that the wide territory organize at Houston is in a place of obliging the traffic in the whole system. While utilizing static locations has its focal points, the greatest drawback is high managerial requests in any event, when minor changes happen in the system. To cook for this, the new stage will utilize dynamic tending to framework with the goal that the hosts procure Internet convention naturally. Subsequently, this brings down the authoritative overhead. The virtual neighborhood is from the divisions accessible in XUM. Subsequently, the VLANs are deals vlan2, money vlan3, HR vlan4, innovative work vlan5, default vlan1 and the executives vlan6. The formation of the VLAN at XUM results from the offices accessible. In this manner, there are four information VLANs in particular deals VLAN2, money VLAN3, human asset VLAN4, Research, and improvement VLAN5. Moreover, a local VLAN is the default VLAN1. Moreover, there is an administration VLAN VLAN6 that gets IP delivers to empower the administration to deal with the switch. It has been conceivable with remote control devices that permit the board to ssh or telnet the switch through the administration VLAN. To take into consideration correspondence of PCs on comparable VLANs yet isolated by a switch or various switches, a trunk interface currently exists between the switches. The supervisor sets the scope of virtual neighborhood that can convey through the storage compartment interface (Ahmad, 2002). Trunking is the best technique. It was in contrast with making physical connections of different VLANs among the switches. For this situation, between one switch and another there would have been six connections, which would have squandered twelve ports. Further, it implies that every one of the individual connections has distinctive port numbers that make their administration very troublesome on the off chance that the system grows to suit twice or more the quantity of VLANS previously existing. Utilization of dynamic trunking convention has empowered brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-77319485788756429932020-08-22T02:19:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:19:23.332-07:00OSHA Workplace Safety and Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsOSHA Workplace Safety and Security - Assignment Example 3. The NFPA 704 precious stone helps representatives, just as firemen, recognize what perils are in structures. Name the four regions of the jewel, including the related hues. For an additional two focuses, clarify the numbers that you may discover in the jewel; which demonstrates generally dangerous and least perilous. The four territories of the precious stone are red (combustibility), blue (wellbeing), yellow (flimsiness), and white (unique zone with water or oxidization). Numbers inside the jewel extend from zero (showing negligible peril) to four (demonstrating serious danger). 4. For what reason was the NFPA established in 1896? The NFPAââ¬â¢s strategic to decrease the overall weight of fire and different risks on peoplesââ¬â¢ personal satisfaction by ââ¬Å"providing and pushing accord codes and gauges, research, instruction, and training.â⬠5. It would be ideal if you coordinate the accompanying terms from section 8 with the accompanying definitions. Each answer is just utilized once. (Clue - Get the subparts off the beaten path initial) A. NFPA 101 X B. Combustible fluid X C. Breaking point X D. Crisis activity plan X E. Combustible fluid rooms X.â brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-13648220413969546242020-07-25T01:15:00.001-07:002020-07-25T01:15:02.485-07:00New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions BlogNew Student Photo Series 2011 Post #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today we feature more photos from incoming students. My name is Venetia Aranha, an incoming student to the MPA (economic and political development). I am from India and here are a few of my favourite photographs! Last year I travelled along with a Japanese friend of mine to the town of Haridwar in Uttar Pradesh, known for its religious significance, notably the worship of the scared river Ganges (or Ganga). Here every year, scores of faithful Hindus throng the river to offer their prayers to the Ganges- in the picture below two aged ladies light âdiyasâ which are lit wicks in an earthen base, to float onto the river. If you look closely enough, there is always priceless humour to be found in a little store in a tourist town in India. This picture is of the market area in Haridwar of a shop display of music and cinema CDs. At a glance, you will see only famous old Hindi singers and actors- but on the right most corner of the 4th shelf, there youâll find none other than the epitome of English Pop- Madonna!! This last one is taken at a popular fete or âMelaâ as it is called in India, known as the âSuraj Kund Melaâ somewhere on the outskirts of Delhi. My father used to speak to this wondrous contraption from his childhood days- a little machine that shows you pictures in succession to form a story- and sometimes its operator would even sing along to provide a background score- the perfect substitute for a television! I was surprised to find this very device at the fair, with a little boy keenly peeking into it. My name is Moussa Magassouba. I am an incoming MIA Student. I am sending a few of the photos that I have taken from my 2010 trip in West Africa as well as from my work places. Description: Guinean Minister of Presidential Security This photo was taken in 2010 during my two-week vacation period in Guinea (West Africa) at a military camp with my camera carefully concealed. The man in the center of the picture wearing traditional African voodoos is well the Minister in charge of Security of the chief of the military junta who, after a military coup on December 24, 2008, proclaimed himself President of Guinea, a beginning of lawlessness and military burtality until democratic elections were held at the end of 2010. The man is currently under the arraignment of the Hague International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity. Me leading by example: I am operating a Caterpillar Bull Dozer D8 in 2008 at a gold mine in Southern California. As a Superintendent of mine operations and the Senior Engineer, my job does not stop in the office environment. When I give complex assignments in the field and operators do not seem to understand or cannot successfully execute the assignments, then I decide to lead by example. Thankfully, I know how to run most of the heavy equipment in the mining and construction industries. Drilling and Hauling: This photo was taken in December 2010 in Pennsylvania. Operators at one of our cement quarries are seen laying out blast holes that will be drilled each one a 50-foot depth and loaded with explosives before they are fired to break the limestone, the raw material for cement fabrication. An articulated haul truck Euclid type is seen hauling limestone on a very rough terrain heading to the crushing plant. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-84003819942043096132020-05-22T07:34:00.001-07:002020-05-22T07:34:03.404-07:00Citizen Kane from Hero to Isolation - 1248 Words Citizen Kane Citizen Kane, a movie that was nominated for nine academy awards and won the Academy award for best writing is considered to be one of the greatest movies ever made. In order to understand why Citizen Kane has been so beloved in the world of film because of how realistic it felt although being a work of fiction or as the French call it a film à clef (French for Film with a Key) one must pick apart the all the parts that make a movie successful from its actors, lighting, plot, etc. The movie Citizen Kane brings in the audience into the life of Charles Foster Kane who is the main focus of the story and gives information on his life via a parody of the old ââ¬Å"March of the Timesâ⬠newsreels that were commonly used in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Thatcher which will result to the removal of Charles from his childhood home and thus his parents as well. (Jaffe, Ira S) Within Citizen Kane there are important themes that draw in the audience, themes that the audience can relate and even sympathize with which makes the human emotions within the film feel genuine and not acted out/scripted. The first theme is the difficulty of getting the true story of Charles Kaneââ¬â¢s life. The audience can only gather so much on his life as Charles Kane himself is deceased and the only things left to gather on his life are newsreels, personal testimonies and manuscripts left by those who knew Mr. Kane and even these facts are mired by prejudices which makes their reliability shaky at best. The audience can also resonate in agreement to a line said by Mr. Thompson when a female reporter believes if he found out what Rosebud meant to Mr. Kane then he could find out everything of Mr. Kaneââ¬â¢s life to which Mr. Thompson simply says ââ¬Å"No, I dont think so; no. Mr. Kane was a man who got everything he wanted and then lost it. Maybe Rosebud was something he couldnt get, or something he lost. Anyway, it wouldnt have explained anything... I dont think any word can explain a mans life. No, I guess Rosebud is just a... piece in a jigsaw puzzle... a missing piece.â⬠(Thomson, David) Another theme which was more or less a first was criticism of the American Dream, when the audience watches Charles Kaneââ¬â¢s early childhood whereShow MoreRelatedOrson Welles And Citizen Kane2180 Words à |à 9 Pagesin half between his polar personalities. Charles Foster Kane has recently died and the predicament of interpreting his life and its meaning is left upon a single reporter. ââ¬Å"â⬠¦A group of prominent films critics were asked to list the greatest directors and the greatest films, Orson Welles and Citizen Kane both came in first (Carringer 32).â⬠Orson Wellesââ¬â¢ produces, co-wrote, directed, and starred in the great American classic film, Citizen Kane, at the age of 26. Throughout this entire film, the audienceRead MoreThe Classical Narrative System2018 Words à |à 9 Pagescinematic image became secondary to the requirements of a specific type of story. In any classical narrative a problem arises early on in the story which disrupts the peace of the fictional world. It is then up to the protagonist, usually a male hero figure, to resolve all of the problems necessary to return that world to order. This could be said to be the definition of a classical narrative. The course of the narrative is focused on coming to terms with the disruption so that every problemRead MoreThe Mark Of A Good Auteur1754 Words à |à 8 Pagesfilmmakers and films to add to the canon, the determining criteria can be varied. Typically, canonical films are by visionary auteur filmmakers who ve left some sort of an impact. Sometimes, the impact is only felt long after a film is released (Citizen Kane, for example). Canonical filmmakers create films that surprise, delight, tell a story of cinema, and show something new the audience. They build on what has come before and alter it to fit their own tastes. The mark of an auteur is someone withRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words à |à 316 PagesNOTE ON THE TRANSLATION larly dolly in and dolly out are used rather than forward and rear. Mise en scà ¨ne is also retained in its filmic use, while staging is used to describe a stage production. The term constantif, which Metz borrowed from Austin, should be rendered by constantive and not by ascertaining (p. 25). Finally, actor to translate Greimas s concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept (see Ducrà ´t and Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of LanguageRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words à |à 1056 Pagessave money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience. à » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S à » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words à |à 960 PagesBrothers Cover Printer: Leghigh-Phoenex Color Text Font: 10/12, Times Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within the text. Microsoftà ® and Windowsà ® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft CorporationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright à © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproductionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright à © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-25068975759048289672020-05-07T23:01:00.001-07:002020-05-07T23:01:03.841-07:00Modernist Poets E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S.... Modernist Poets E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot Change the Face of American Poetry Modernist poets such as E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot changed the face of American poetry by destroying the notion that American culture is far inferior to European culture. These and other American poets accomplished the feat of defining an American poetic style in the Modern Era by means of a truly American idea. That idea is the melting pot. Just as American culture exists as a mixture of races, beliefs, and ideas, the new American style of poetry exists as a mixture of old English styles with a new concept of the international style. Modern poets experiment with language, theme, and convention to cleanse languageâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Pound was showing influence from the fourteenth-century Italian poets such as Guido Cavalcanti. In their works that follow their time in Europe, both Eliot and Pound display a hybridization of English and French and Italian ideas. Cummings began to imitate French Modernist poets Guillaume Apollinaire and Stephane Mallarmà © . He also adopted an aesthetic based on the manifestos of French Surrealists and Dadaists, who detached literature from referential meaning and linked it to experimental play (McQuade 1235). Such experimental play is seen in Cummings poem [she being brand] in which the creatively formed words and syntax give the image of a young mans thoughts, feelings, and actions upon driving his new car: again slo-wly; bare,ly nudg. ing (Cummings 15). The use of punctuation gives a vivid image of his thoughts as he carefully puts the stiff transmission into gear. Into another Cummings poem, [in Just-], we see more experimental play with the words to create the impression of the way excited children talk: and eddieandbill come running from marbles and piracies and its spring (Cummings 6). Wallace Stevens was influenced by French poetry and art. Stevens often intertwined French and English in sentences, as in the line from The Plain Sense of Things: We had come to an end of the imagination / Inanimate in an inert savoir (Stevens 4-5). Stevens style seemed to imitate the French brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-45021099484422370982020-05-06T09:30:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:30:33.382-07:00The Base Stock Model Free Essays The Base Stock Model 1 Assumptions ? Demand occurs continuously over time ? Times between consecutive orders are stochastic but independent and identically distributed (i. i. d. We will write a custom essay sample on The Base Stock Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) ? Inventory is reviewed continuously ? Supply leadtime is a fixed constant L ? There is no fixed cost associated with placing an order ? Orders that cannot be fulfilled immediately from on-hand inventory are backordered 2 The Base-Stock Policy ? Start with an initial amount of inventory R. Each time a new demand arrives, place a replenishment order with the supplier. An order placed with the supplier is delivered L units of time after it is placed. ? Because demand is stochastic, we can have multiple orders (inventory on-order) that have been placed but not delivered yet. 3 The Base-Stock Policy ? The amount of demand that arrives during the replenishment leadtime L is called the leadtime demand. ? Under a base-stock policy, leadtime demand and inventory on order are the same. ? When leadtime demand (inventory on-order) exceeds R, we have backorders. 4 Notation I: inventory level, a random variable B: number of backorders, a random variable X: Leadtime demand (inventory on-order), a random variable IP: inventory position E[I]: Expected inventory level E[B]: Expected backorder level E[X]: Expected leadtime demand E[D]: average demand per unit time (demand rate) 5 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder ââ¬â backorder level 6 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder ââ¬â backorder level ? Under a base-stock policy with base-stock level R, inventory position is always kept at R (Inventory position = R ) IP = I+X ââ¬â B = R E[I] + E[X] ââ¬â E[B] = R 7 Leadtime Demand ? Under a base-stock policy, the leadtime demand X is independent of R and depends only on L and D with E[X]= E[D]L (the textbook refers to this quantity as ? ). ? The distribution of X depends on the distribution of D. 8 I = max[0, I ââ¬â B]= [I ââ¬â B]+ B=max[0, B-I] = [ B ââ¬â I]+ Since R = I + X ââ¬â B, we also have Iââ¬âB=Rââ¬âX I = [R ââ¬â X]+ B =[X ââ¬â R]+ 9 ? E[I] = R ââ¬â E[X] + E[B] = R ââ¬â E[X] + E[(X ââ¬â R)+] ? E[B] = E[I] + E[X] ââ¬â R = E[(R ââ¬â X)+] + E[X] ââ¬â R ? Pr(stocking out) = Pr(X ? R) ? Pr(not stocking out) = Pr(X ? R-1) ? Fill rate = E(D) Pr(X ? R-1)/E(D) = Pr(X ? R-1) 10 Objective Choose a value for R that minimizes the sum of expected inventory holding cost and expected backorder cost, Y(R)= hE[I] + bE[B], where h is the unit holding cost per unit time and b is the backorder cost per unit per unit time. 11 The Cost Function Y (R) ? hE[ I ] ? bE[ B] ? h( R ? E[ X ] ? E[B]) ? bE[ B] ? h( R ? E[ X ]) ? (h ? b) E[ B] ? h( R ? E[ D]L) ? (h ? b)E ([ X ? R]? ? h( R ? E[ D]L) ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? 12 The Optimal Base-Stock Level The optimal value of R is the smallest integer that satisfies Y (R ? 1) ? Y ( R) ? 0. 13 Y ( R ? 1) ââ¬â Y ( R) ? h ? R ? 1 ? E[ D]L ? ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ( x ? R ? 1) Pr( X ? x ) ? h ? R ? E[ D]L ? ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ? ( x ? R ? 1) ? ( x ? R) ? Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x ? R? 1 Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R ? 1) ? h ? (h ? b) ? 1 ? Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? b ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? ? 14 Y ( R ? 1) ââ¬â Y ( R) ? 0 ? ?b ? (h ? ) Pr( X ? R) ? 0 b ? Pr( X ? R) ? b? h Choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies Y(R+1) ââ¬â Y(R) ? 0 is equivalent to choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies b Pr( X ? R) ? b? h 15 Example 1 ? Demand arrives one unit at a time according to a Poisson process with mean ?. If D(t) denotes the amount of demand that arrives in the interval of time of length t, then (? t) x e t P r( D ( t ) ? x ) ? , x ? 0. x! ? Leadtime demand, X, can be shown in this case to also have the Poisson distribution with (? L ) x e L P r( X ? x ) ? , E [ X ] ? L , and V ar ( X ) ? ? L . x! 16 The Normal Approximation ? If X can be approximated by a normal distribution, then: R * ? E ( D ) L ? z b /( b ? h ) V ar ( X ) Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) V ar ( X )? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) ? In the case where X has the Poisson distribution with mean ? L R * ? ? L ? z b /( b ? h ) ? L Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) ? L ? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) 17 Example 2 If X has the geometric distribution with parameter ? , 0 ? ? ? 1 P ( X ? x ) ? ? x (1 ? ? ). ? E[X ] ? 1? ? Pr( X ? x ) ? ? x Pr( X ? x ) ? 1 ? ? x ? 1 18 Example 2 (Continuedâ⬠¦) The optimal base-stock level is the smallest integer R* that satisfies Pr( X ? R * ) ? b b? h ln[ b ] b ? h ? 1 ln[ ? ] ? 1? ? R * ? 1 b ? ? R* ? b? h b ? ? ln[ ]? ? * b? h ? R ? ln[ ? ] ? ? ? ? 19 Computing Expected Backorders ? It is sometimes easier to first compute (for a given R), E[I ] ? ? R x? 0 ( R ? x ) Pr( X ? x ) and then obtain E[B]=E[I] + E[X] ââ¬â R. ? For the case where leadtime demand has the Poisson distribution (with mean ? = E(D)L), the following relationship (for a fixed R) applies E[B]= ? Pr(X=R)+(? -R)[1-Pr(X? R)] 20 How to cite The Base Stock Model, Papers brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-71117022804395139052020-04-27T17:10:00.001-07:002020-04-27T17:10:04.813-07:00Sample Report Writing Essay ExampleSample Report Writing Essay Sample Report A Formal Report Sample Reports A FORMAL REPORT THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON BUSINESS EMPLOYEES AND PROGRAMS OFFERED BY EMPLOYERS TO MANAGE EMPLOYEE STRESS Prepared for Dr. Robert J. Olney Southwest Texas State University Prepared by Charles Dishinger Nancy Howard Bill Kiagler Sherry Seabrooke Donna Tucker November 29, 20 S-29 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLESâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. iii LIST OF FIGURESâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ v ABSTRACTâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDYâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Statement of the Problemâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Significance of the Studyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Scope of the Studyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢ ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Review of Related Literatureâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Methods of the Studyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Source of Dataâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦. l S-30 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. iv 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sample Reports iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Programs Offered by Employers to Manage Stress .. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ S-31 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Page 8 Sample Reports iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Age Distribution of Respondents .. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 2. Negative Effects of Stress on Work Performance .. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ S-32 6 7 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports v Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effects of stress on employees and the methods employers use to manage employees stress. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Report Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Report Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Report Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was limited to the perceptions of Central Texas business employees, who were selected using a nonprobability, convenience sampling method. A questionnaire consisting of three parts was used to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted using simple statistical techniques. The findings of the data indicated that the areas found to be most negatively affected by stress were job satisfaction/morale, courtesy, creativity, and productivity. In addition, personal appearance and absenteeism were listed as the areas least affected by stress. According to the results of the tudy, employers today are offering a wide variety of needed programs to manage the stress of their employees. One of the main conclusions drawn from the study was that stress does negatively affect the work performance of employees. Therefore, stress is not just an individual issue but an issue that must be addressed by both the employer and the employee; the work performance areas negatively affected have a direct effect on the company as a whole. S-33 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports The Effects of Stress on Business Employees nd Programs Offered by Employers to Manage Employee Stress Section I Introduction to the Study Introduction Today, many organizations and employees are experiencing the effects of stress on work performance. The effects of stress can be either positive or negative. What is perceived as positive stress by one person may be perceived as negative stress by another, since everyone perceives situations differently. According to Barden (2001), negative stress is becoming a major illness in the work environment, and it can debilitate employees and be costly to employers. Managers need to identify those suffering from negative stress and implement programs as a defense against stress. These programs may reduce the impact stress has on employees work performance. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study was to determine the negative effects of stress on employees and the methods employers use to manage employees stress. Significance of the Study There are three primary groups that may benefit from this study. The first group, consisting of employees in todays business organizations, may learn to identify ways that stress negatively affects their work performance. Identifying the negative effects may enable them to take necessary action to cope with stress. By sharing this knowledge, employees can act as a vehicle to help management implement appropriate stress reduction programs. The second group that may benefit from this study is employers who may gain insight as to how stress is actually negatively affecting S-34 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 2 employeesââ¬â¢ work performance. Finally, educators can use these findings as a valuable guide to incorporate into their curriculum. By emphasizing to students the importance of developing programs to deal with stress, the students may be able to transfer this knowledge to the workplace, thereby improving the quality of the work environment. Scope of the Study This study was limited to the perceptions of full-time business employees as to the negative effects that stress has on work performance and the steps that employers are taking to manage stress. For the purpose of this study, what constitutes full-time employment is defined by the employer. This study was restricted to businesses operating in the Central Texas area. The Central Texas area encompasses all communities within Hays, Kendall, Travis, and Williamson counties. For the purpose of this study, stress is defined as disruptive or disquieting influences that negatively affect an individual in the workplace. Data for this study were collected during the fall of 2002. Review of Related Literature Barden (2001), a freelance writer specializing in health care and a former managing editor of Commerce and Health, stated the importance of wellness programs and gave specific examples of corporations that are successfully implementing such rograms. The Morrison Company currently saves $8. 33 for every dollar spent on wellness by offering programs such as weight loss, exercise, and back care. Axon Petroleum estimates that wellness programs will save $1. 6 million each year in health care costs for its 650 employees. In addition to Morrison and Axon Petroleum, Barden cited the savings for six other companies. According to the Wellness Bureau of America , the success of these companies offers concrete proof that wellness programs pay off by lowering health care costs, reducing absenteeism, and increasing productivity. Foster (2002), a professional speaker on stress-management, surveyed midlevel managers and found stress to be a major determinant in worker productivity. According to the study, the primary areas affected by stress are employee morale, absenteeism, and decision making abilities. By recognizing that a problem exists and by addressing the issue, managers can reduce stressful activities and increase worker performance in the business organization. Harrold and Wayland (2002) reported that increasing stress affects morale, productivity, organizational efficiency, absenteeism, and profitability for both individuals and the organization. The problem for businesses today is knowing how S-35 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 3 to determine stressful areas in their organizations and how to use constructive confrontation methods to reduce stress and improve efficiency. According to the authors, organizations that make a positive effort to deal with stress not only help build trust among their employees, but also increase the productivity of their employees and the organization as a whole. Maurer (2002) stated that stress-induced illnesses are prevalent in the workplace today, and stress is the problem of the sufferer and the employer. Stress causes absenteeism and can lead to other problems such as drug addiction, alcoholism, depression, and poor job performance. According to Maurer, the annual Barlow Corporation Forum on Human Resource Issues and Trends reported that large numbers of companies noticed severe levels of stress exhibited by employees. The forums panelists agreed that more needed to be done in the workplace to help employees manage stress. Some of the suggestions were to expand wellness programs, offer stress-management seminars, and teach staff how to balance work and family life. Maurer also noted that Olympic TeamTech, a computer management company, has dealt with employee stress by providing training programs, monitoring employee concerns, and meeting once a month to be proactive instead of reactive. Olympic TeamTechs turnover is less than the industry average. Schorr (2001), a stress-management consultant, stated that stress causes problems in the workplace which negatively affect employee health and organizational productivity. Stress can lead to problems such as job dissatisfaction, alcoholism, absenteeism, physical ailments, and poor job performance. If managers know how to prevent and cope with stress, productivity can be increased. Many companies instituted stress-management programs that led to a decline in absenteeism, a decrease in sickness and accident costs, and/or an increase in job performance. Schorr reported that a stress inventory, available from a stress-management program, can assist executives and managers in assessing employee stress. The inventory can identify the sources of stress, which may include physical elements as well as other factors. Once these sources have been assessed, the program can provide the necessary skills for coping with the problems, and participants can learn that there are alternative ways of reacting to stress. Methods of the Study Source of Data Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire developed by a group of students at Southwest Texas State University. The questionnaire was divided into S-36 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 4 three parts. Part one consisted of a list of 15 work performance areas that may be negatively affected by a persons level of stress. Respondents were asked to indicate whether stress increased, decreased, or had not changed their work performance in each area. They were also asked to indicate from the list of 15 work performance areas the area that was the most negatively affected by stress and the area that was the least negatively affected by stress. In the second part of the questionnaire, a list of 17 programs was provided and the respondents were asked to indicate which programs their companies had implemented to manage stress. Part three was designed to collect demographic data for a respondent profile, including full-time employee classification and age group. A copy of the questionnaire is contained in Appendix A on page 12. Sample Selection The respondents involved in this survey were employees working in companies located in Central Texas. A nonprobability, convenience sampling technique was used to collect primary data. Each member of the research team was responsible for distributing three questionnaires to members of the sample. To ensure confidentiality, respondents were given self-addressed, stamped envelopes in which to return their completed questionnaires to Southwest Texas State University. Controls were used to eliminate duplication of the esponses. Statistical Methods Simple statistical techniques were used to tabulate the results of this study. The primary data were analyzed using a percent of response. To compute the percent of response, the number of responses to each choice was divided by the total number of respondents who answered the question. In question one, the percents of responses for the negative effects of stres s on the 15 work performance areas were reported. The results of the next two questions were tabulated by totaling the number of respondents who chose an area they believed was least or most affected by stress. The fourth question reported the percent of respondents whose employers offered the listed programs to manage stress. Questions five and six asked the respondents to indicate if they were considered full-time employees and to indicate their age group. Limitations of the Study This study may be limited through the use of a questionnaire as a data collection instrument. Because questionnaires must generally be brief, areas that may have been affected by stress may not have been included in the questionnaire. S-37 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports Also, all programs that may be available to employees for managing stress may not have been included in the study. The study may also be limited by the use of a nonprobability, convenience sampling method. The sample of business employees for the study was chosen for convenience and may not be representative of the total population of business employees. Care should be taken when generalizing these fi ndings to the entire population. Finally, the use of simple statistical techniques may introduce an element of subjectivity into the interpretation and analysis of the data. All attempts have been made to minimize the effects of these limitations on the study. S-38 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 6 Section II Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations Introduction This study was designed to determine the effects of stress on employees and to discover methods employers use to manage employees stress. Sixty questionnaires were distributed to business employees in the Central Texas area, and the response rate was 78. 3%. This section includes the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations. Findings The findings will be presented in three sections according to the following characteristics: Demographic Profile, Areas of Job Performance Affected by Stress, and Programs Employers Offer Employees to Manage Stress. Demographic Profile All returned responses from the sample were considered full-time employees by their employers. The respondents were also asked to indicate their age group; all age ranges were represented in the results, as shown in Figure 1. The breakdown consisted of 2. 1% under the age of 20, 33. 7% between 20 and 29, 29. 4% between the ages of 30 and 39, 26. % between 40 and 49, 5. 4% between 50 and 59, and 3. 3% were 60 and over. AGE GROUP 5 1 Less than 20 1 6 2. 1% S-39 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26. 1% 5 50 to 59 Figure 1: Age Distribution of Respondents 29. 4% 4 40 to 49 3 33. 7% 3 30 to 39 2 4 2 20 to 29 5. 4% 6 60 or over 3. 3% Sample Reports 7 Areas of Job Performance Affected by Stress The respondents were given a li st of work performance areas that might be affected by stress and were asked to identify whether stress increased, decreased, or had no change on their work performance. Only respondents who indicated stress negatively affected an area were considered in these findings. Of the 15 areas listed, four areas were identified as having a response rate of more than 50. 0%. These areas were as follows: job satisfaction/morale (73. 9%), courtesy (65. 2%), accuracy (52. 7%), and creativity (51. 6%). Similarly, Schorr (2001) stated that a significant number of employees creativity is negatively affected by stress. Also, Harrold and Wayland (2002) agreed that morale is strongly affected by stress. Falling within the range of a 30. 0 to 50. 0% response rate were cooperation (49. %), organizational skills (46. 3%), initiative (45. 2%), productivity (42. 8%), alertness (39. 4%), decision making abilities (39. 1%), and perseverance (35. 5%). Harrold and Wayland (2002) established that increasing stress and anxiety are having a negative influence on an individuals organizational efficiency and productivity. The findings that negatively affect work performance are sho wn in Figure 2. Figure 2: Negative Effects of Stress on Work Performance 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S-40 10 42. 8% 73. 9% 39. 1% 52. 7% 51. 6% 28. 0% 46. 3% 65. 2% 20 30 40 Productivity Job Satisfaction/Morale Decision Making Abilities Accuracy Creativity Attention to Appearance Organizational Skills Courtesy Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 50 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 60 49. 5% 45. 2% 26. 6% 39. 4% 35. 5% 25. 8% 28. 3% 70 Cooperation Initiative Reliability Alertness Perseverance Tardiness Absenteeism 80 Sample Reports 8 Central Texas employees indicated the area they believed was most affected by stress and the area they believed was least affected by stress. According to the results, job satisfaction and productivity were thought to be most affected by stress. On the other end of the scale, areas least affected by stress were personal appearance and absenteeism. However, Schorrs (2001) study found that, on the average, individuals experiencing stress are more inclined to be absent or tardy. Programs Employers Offer Employees to Manage Stress Question four listed 17 programs offered by employers for managing stress. Respondents were asked to indicate which programs their companies had implemented to manage stress. The responses for each program are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Programs Offered by Employers to Manage Stress. TYPE OF PROGRAM Insurance RESPONSES 72% Breaks Educational Assistance/Reimbursement 51. 0% Access for Disabled 42. 6% Alternate Schedule 34. 0% Employee Assistance Programs 34. 0% Wellness Programs 34. 0% Flextime 29. 8% Stress Management Seminars 29. 8% Training Programs 29. 8% Piped Music 17. 2% Assigned Parking 17. 0% Employee Empowerment Programs 17. 0% Ergonomically Correct Furniture 17. 0% Financial Counseling 8. 5% On-Site/Assistance with Child Care S-41 69. 2% 4. 3% Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 9 Insurance received the highest number of responses (72. 0%), whereas, therapy received the lowest (2. 1%). Playing classical music and creating a comfortable work environment were found by Foster (2002) to be low cost stress reduction programs. Although these are inexpensive programs to implement, a relatively small response rate was given for piped music (17. 2%) and ergonomically correct furniture (17. 0%). Maurer (2002) stated that it is necessary for companies to design programs that enable employees to assess stressful situations and develop a rational mode of behavior. In contrast to Maurers research, only 17. 0% of the respondents indicated that Employee Empowerment Programs are being offered by their employer. A response rate of 34. 0% in the category of wellness programs/on-site fitness facilities was obtained. Barden (2001) reported programs that improve an individuals physical condition are both a positive and an effective method of managing stress. The remaining methods for managing stress were varied. Listed in decreasing percentages, they are as follows: breaks (69. 2%), educational assistance/ reimbursement (51. %), access for disabled (42. 6%), alternative schedules (34. 0%), Employee Assistance Programs (34. 0%), Wellness Programs (34. 0%) flextime (29. 8%), stress management seminars/classes (29. 8%), training programs (29. 8%), assigned parking (17. 0%), financial counseling (8. 5%), and on-site/assistance with child care (4. 3%). Conclusions On the basis of the findings, several conclusions concerning the effects of stress on Central Texas business employees can be drawn. The findings of this study indicated stress does negatively affect the work performance of employees. Job satisfaction and productivity were indicated as two areas most affected by work-related stress. Therefore, stress cannot be considered just an individual issue because reduced job satisfaction and lower productivity has a direct effect on the company as a whole. From this study, it can be concluded that employers have realized the importance of managing stress in the workplace because of the wide variety of programs now offered to manage stress. Of all the programs offered by employers, insurance is the most frequently offered means for managing stress. Because insurance acts as a security net for employees and is offered the most, it can be inferred that employers contend that insurance is the most effective means for managing stress. S-42 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 10 Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusions in this study, the following recommendations are made: 1. 2. Employers should conduct a survey of the programs they already offer to discover which programs are the most effective for managing their employees stress. 3. Employees should share their ideas for managing stress with their employers in order to help their employers implement appropriate stress reduction programs. 4. Educators should incorporate into their business curriculum discussions of stress in the workplace and ways to manage stress. 5. S-43 Employers should offer various stress reduction programs to help employees manage stress because stress is prevalent in the workplace. Additional research should be done. First, other areas negatively affected by stress should be studied to determine if stress affects other aspects of an employees life. In addition, other factors should be examined to learn what the personal and work-related causes and symptoms of stress are for an individual. Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports 11 Bibliography Barden, Nancy Ray. Wellness Programs: Everyone Wins. Commerce and Health, November 2001, 28ââ¬â42. Foster, Lucy Barnes. Workplace Stress: Changing the Pattern. Sales and Marketing Journal (2002), 32ââ¬â33. Harrold, Robert and Wayland, Michael. New Methods to Reduce Workplace Stress. Industrial Concepts, June 2002, 19ââ¬â21. Maurer, Marcia K. Is Stress Running Your Life? Modern Office Innovation, February 2002, 27ââ¬â28. Schorr, Leslie. Coping with Stress, Boosting Productivity. Employment News, Spring 2001, 23ââ¬â26. S-44 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sample Reports Appendix A Questionnaire The Effects of Stress on Business Employees Students in the Graduate School of Business at Southwest Texas State University are conducting this survey to determine perceptions of the effects of stress on employees. The survey also is designed to determine efforts employers are making to help employees manage stress. Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed postage-paid envelope by Friday, November 8. 1. How does stress most often affect you at work? Please mark one response per line. AREA AFFECTED Productivity Job Satisfaction/Morale Absenteeism Decision Making Abilities Accuracy Creativity Attention to Personal Appearance Organizational Skills Courtesy Cooperation Initiative Reliability Alertness Perseverance T di S-45 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. INCREA SE DECREA SE NO CHANGE Sample Reports 13 2. Which one area from question 1 do you believe is most affected by stress? 3. Which one area from question 1 do you believe is least affected by stress? 4. Which of the following means for managing stress does your employer offer? Please mark all that apply. __ Employee Assistance Program On-Site/Assistance with Child Care Assigned Parking Employee Empowerment Programs Educational Assistance/Reimbursement Breaks Wellness Program/On-Site Fitness Facility Financial Counseling Access for Disabled Stress Management Seminars/Classes Training Programs Therapy Alternative Schedules (part-time, time off for family, etc. ) Flextime Piped Music Ergonomically Correct Furniture Insurance (security net for employee/family) Other (please specify) Note: Questions 5 and 6 are included in this questionnaire as a means of developing a demographic profile of our respondents. 5. Are you classified as a full-time employee by your employer? Yes 6. No Please check your age group. Less than 20 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 or over Thank you for taking time to help us. We value your input. S-46 Copyright à © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-88369112582030656132020-03-19T14:17:00.001-07:002020-03-19T14:17:02.605-07:00Eminem Biography essaysEminem Biography essays Marshall Mathers aka Eminem aka Slim Shady causes controversy wherever he goes but that hasn't stopped him becoming one of rap's biggest stars. Call him what you want but he is one of the most successful rappers in todays rap industry. The critics fail to see that he is making these lyrics because he knows that they will talk about him and if people dont know about him they might just buy his CD in curiosity. In this paper I will try the best I can to take you through Eminems life to educate you about why he writes such angry lyrics. Eminem was born as Marshal Bruce Mathers III on October 17, 1972 in Kansas City. Eminem soon moved to Detroit when he was only 12 years old. During his childhood he moved around a lot so, it was very tough for him to make friends. Marshal began rapping in the school lunch room and soon dropped out of school to pursue his rap career. In high school, he battled with other classmates and was soon gained a reputation as a nimble rhymer. In 1997, Marshal he released his first LP called Infinite. "I was getting a lot of feedback saying I sounded like Nas or Jay-Z," Marshal admitted. (ezzzy.com/Eminem/biography.shtml) Later on that year he was in The Source Magazine for Unsigned Hype. Also that year, he won The Wake up Shows Freestyle Performer of the Year and second place Rap Sheet Magazines Freestyle Olympics. A couple years down the line Dr. Dre heard a demo tape of Eminem and loved what he heard. Dr. Dre immediately got in touch with him and signed him to the Aftermath label. His major label debut - 'The Slim Shady LP', co-produced by Dre - was a huge success, by hitting Number 2 on Billboard's album chart on its first week of release. The lyrics provoked more controversy with Eminem being accused of promoting homophobia and encouraging date rape and drug abuse. The track '97 Bonnie & Clyde' also caused outrage... brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-61959037133399821192020-03-03T06:03:00.001-08:002020-03-03T06:03:02.182-08:00A Quiz About ExpletivesA Quiz About Expletives A Quiz About Expletives A Quiz About Expletives By Mark Nichol One easy solution for getting sentences off to a strong start is to make them more active by eliminating what is called an expletive, or a dummy subject, such as ââ¬Å"There isâ⬠or ââ¬Å"There are.â⬠It is not necessary to eradicate all expletives from your writing, but minimize them by identifying the real subject of the sentence and reconstructing the sentence with that focus with the added benefit of a more concise statement. Each of the sentences below contains an expletive. Recast each sentence as necessary to omit it, then compare your revisions with mine (thereââ¬â¢s usually more than one right way to excise an expletive) at the bottom of the page: 1. ââ¬Å"There are several vicious cycles that facilitate the progression of alcohol abuse.â⬠2. ââ¬Å"There are federal and state legislators who want to bring government into the picture.â⬠3. ââ¬Å"All across the country, there are numerous private facilities that have figured out the breeding techniques.â⬠4. ââ¬Å"At the same time, there are also motives and pressures toward normalcy.â⬠5. ââ¬Å"Unless there is significant progress soon, weââ¬â¢ll have to cancel the program.â⬠6. ââ¬Å"He wants to know if there is life on other planets.â⬠7. ââ¬Å"At the other house, there is an outdoor patio.â⬠8. ââ¬Å"I think there is a good chance that the proposal will be accepted.â⬠9. ââ¬Å"I am concerned that there is a false impression about our objectives.â⬠10. ââ¬Å"According to recent studies, there is a tendency for the syndrome to worsen over time.â⬠11. ââ¬Å"But then there is John Smith, who has another take on the matter.â⬠12. ââ¬Å"There is a considerable range of expertise among so-called experts.â⬠13. ââ¬Å"Nevertheless, there are numerous private facilities that have figured out the techniques.â⬠14. ââ¬Å"At the same time, there are also motives and pressures toward normalcy.â⬠15. ââ¬Å"To make matters worse, there are several vicious cycles that facilitate the progression of alcohol abuse.â⬠16. ââ¬Å"His understanding is that there are still countless such volumes in existence.â⬠17. ââ¬Å"Ultimately, there are sensitive implications about the issue that remain.â⬠18. ââ¬Å"He adds that there are numerous ethical concerns raised by this practice. 19. ââ¬Å"Each year, there are more and more workshops, seminars, and conferences for practitioners in this field.â⬠20. ââ¬Å"As I see it, there are two lines of logic that follow from this premise.â⬠Answers 1. ââ¬Å"Several vicious cycles facilitate the progression of alcohol abuse.â⬠2. ââ¬Å"Some federal and state legislators are itching to bring government into the picture.â⬠3. ââ¬Å"All across the country, numerous private facilities have figured out the breeding techniques.â⬠4. ââ¬Å"At the same time, motives and pressures toward normalcy present themselves.â⬠5. ââ¬Å"Unless significant progress occurs soon, weââ¬â¢ll have to cancel the program.â⬠6. ââ¬Å"He wants to know whether life exists on other planets.â⬠7. ââ¬Å"The other house has an outdoor patio.â⬠8. ââ¬Å"The proposal has a good chance of being accepted.â⬠9. ââ¬Å"I am concerned that they may have developed a false impression about our objectives.â⬠10. ââ¬Å"According to recent studies, the syndrome tends to worsen over time.â⬠11. ââ¬Å"But John Smith has another take on the matter.â⬠12. ââ¬Å"So-called experts demonstrate a considerable range of expertise.â⬠13. ââ¬Å"Nevertheless, numerous private facilities have figured out the techniques.â⬠14. ââ¬Å"At the same time, motives and pressures toward normalcy present themselves.â⬠15. ââ¬Å"To make matters worse, several vicious cycles facilitate the progression of alcohol abuse.â⬠16. ââ¬Å"His understanding is that countless such volumes still exist.â⬠17. ââ¬Å"Ultimately, sensitive implications about the issue remain.â⬠18. ââ¬Å"He adds that this practice raises numerous ethical concerns.â⬠19. ââ¬Å"Each year, practitioners in this field have the opportunity to attend an increasing number of workshops, seminars, and conferences.â⬠20. ââ¬Å"As I see it, two lines of logic follow from this premise.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Angryâ⬠Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One25 Favorite Portmanteau Words brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-13992594417362876872020-02-15T21:27:00.001-08:002020-02-15T21:27:02.212-08:00Development of Dubai International Airport (DXBOMDB) (Dubai) EssayDevelopment of Dubai International Airport (DXBOMDB) (Dubai) - Essay Example d.). In order to ensure continuous growth, continuous development and improvement need to be taken place. Different development projects are carried out on the Airport Development which boosts the growth of the Airport. The Dubai International Airport was constructed under the supervision and order of the then ruler Sheikh Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum in the year 1959. This is considered as the first Airport in the country. In the beginning there were no much facilities in the Airport and the runway was limited. The Airport is situated four kilometers way from the city (Dubai International Airport, n. d.). The growth rate of the Dubai International Airport is high compared to other Airports in the Middle East. The Dubai International Airport holds highest position in the ratings by authorities like International Air Transport Association (IATA) (Home, n. d.). The Dubai International Airport is owned by the government of United Arab Emirates (Profile, n. d.). The Transportation facility ki nd of the infrastructure of a country has to be developed continuously. The development of Dubai International Airport is essential for the development of the country and for making one among the top countries of the world. If the International Airport at Dubai is developed at a higher phase it can attract many foreigners including tourists and investors. The investors would be investing in country only after a detailed study of the infrastructure of that particular country including the international transportation. This fact forced the government of the United Arab Emirates, to think about the development of existing international airport by way of expansion programs. The phase II expansion plan was an initiative to such a development. By this Phase II expansion what the government is aimed is overall development of the different facilities of the Airport. The main aim was this expansion program was to increase the traffic facility as number of airlines and passengers is goes on increasing. In order to accommodate these increased airlines, the existing traffic facilities need to be improved. The globalization and other development in the world has increased the number of passengers and coming to and going from the country. The new development plan includes the construction of buildings, new landing facilities an other modifications. As new buildings and facilities are going to be created in the airport, the infrastructure facility inside the airport will also have to be subjected for modification and improvement (Dubai Airport Terminal, n. d.). The cargo mega terminal creation is another major part of the Airport development. This terminal is cons tructed in such a way that it can deal millions of freight. Both the projects that is the phase II expansion and construction of cargo terminal creation has been started in the year 2002 and the expected completion time of the Phase II expansion is 2007 and that of cargo mega terminal is 2018 (Dubai International Airport, n. d.). The development plan is a systematically designed one. This is designed in such a way that it can create much customer value by way of providing the customers the required service at ease. The organizational chart for this development plan is designed keeping in mind the change in technology. The main person who is the sole authority of this expansion project brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-25989016347701538362020-02-02T13:04:00.001-08:002020-02-02T13:04:03.024-08:00Just-In-Time Inventory Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsJust-In-Time Inventory Management - Assignment Example An automated inventory replenishment system would also aid in quick responses to reduced inventory levels. The manner through which firms arrange their human resource and jobs for functionality is known as the organizational structure. The best organizational structure is determined by various factors such as the nature of work, number of employees, and range of businesses. A small physicianââ¬â¢s office may use a line organizational structure where there are only direct and vertical relationships between its various levels. The board of directors, physician (medical director), office manager, nurse practitioners, accountant, medical staff, and orderlies all fall underline departments. These departments are directly involved in achieving the primary goal of the office. The line organizational structure simplifies and clarifies authority, responsibility, and accountability relationships. Fast decision making is also promoted. A hospital with one large facility in a city may use the line and staff organizational structure. This structure is suitable due to the need for direct, vertical relationships between various levels as well as specialists that are tasked with providing advice to line managers. The hospital will have both staff and line departments, where the former will provide the latter with guidance and help in specialized areas. Lastly, a major, nationwide insurance company will use the divisional organizational structure that is usually adopted by big firms that cover a wide geographical area. Moreover, the company will have separate smaller divisions within the umbrella organization to cover different market areas. In this structure, the company can have a different basis for forming departments, such as; function, product, and geographic territory. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-89059603427000053352020-01-25T09:28:00.001-08:002020-01-25T09:28:02.876-08:00Fire Fighting Technology Essay -- Technology Technological EssaysFire Fighting Technology Innovations in Communication Technology This 80,000 pound powerhouse was just purchased by the Swarthmore Fire & Protective Association. Equipped with a 100-foot aerial and a 2000 gallon per minute (gpm) Hale single stage pump, Tower 14 can knock down just about any fire. "The first five minutes after the first fire apparatus arrives on scene at a large-scale fire are coordinated chaos." Joe Lombardo of the Garden City Fire Department made it a point during fire school to emphasize that a good firefighter will always maintain a clear head even in the most harrowing of circumstances. This task may be difficult in situations where an enormous amount of information must be transmitted to effectively fight the fire. Recent innovations in fire scene communication technology have allowed for more information to be transferred to the appropriate firefighters before and during the initial attack. The following outline some of the more important innovations to fire communication technology: Communications between Incident Command and Firefighters on scene: Digital technology is rapidly becoming integrated into fireground operations because, in general, voice clarity is much better than conventional radio, because it is easier to encrypt than analog. Mary Jane Dittmar, of Fire Engineering magazine, describes the technologies as working by "converting a voice into binary information and then compressing it. Through modulation and encoding formats, the analog information is converted to digital data, compressed, and then converted back again, while still maintaining acceptable levels of voice quality. Digital technology is clearer and easier to understand than analog technology because background ... ...er units. All this information is now immedeately available to the first out engine so that the incident commander can come up with a plan of attack before even assessing the scene first hand. As such, the coordinated chaos may very well be sorted out before the apparatus even arrives on scene. Works Cited: Anderson, Leif. Using Technology to Manage the Information Overflow. "Fire Engineering." May 2002. Bachman, Eric. Pre-Incident Size Up: An Important Response Tool."Fire Engineering." April 2002. Cobb, Ralph. Benefiting from Military Technology. "Fire Engineering." May 2002. Dittmar, Mary Jane. Fireground Communications: Strategies for Meeting Today's Challenges. "Fire Engineering." May 2002. Hawkins, Clayton. A Model to Improve Emergency Management. "Fire Engineering." April 2002. http://www.nfpa.org/Home/index.asp (visited December 15, 2002) brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-6436585872166219792020-01-17T05:52:00.001-08:002020-01-17T05:52:03.491-08:00Public Policy EssayPublic Administration always needs funding for various aspects throughout many realms.à From grants to sidewalk repair to going green in residential homes to starting up a business and educational grants.à There are also, as we are currently seeing,à monies coming from the federal government for stimulus payments to US citizens and as proposed by our new President Elect Obama there are policies in the making for a permanent stimulus or tax rebate due to excessive oil prices and changes in healthcare.à The one thing with the majority of the monies being spoken of is that so much comes from the federal government.à This precludes any monies the states may have or have already spent, as in the end they also receive monies from federal agencies. So here we see a vicious circle of all these people needing money for one reason or another, they spend what they have, apply for grants from the federal government, the federal government says hey ok but in the end, what do we do when the federal government runs out of money?à What do states do when there is no money left to be tapped?à Do they droll at another department because that department may have the monies to continue further? Let us start with the liquor tax.à Currently the taxation goes like this; the federal government gets approximately 10% of each gallon depending on the proof or volume manufactured (each state seems to vary) of the alcohol.à The higher the proof, the more the taxes they receive.à The state on the other hand receives a much higher revenue from the tax (State Liquor Tax Rates-2008).à Each state has different programs in which the taxes collected helps finance.à The federal government should take only a specified amount, a flat tax from each state for both alcohol and tobacco and keep tally on which states they obtain these taxes from and howà much.à When these individual states run out of their own taxed revenue then when they apply for a grant, the grant acceptance and money distribution is then taken from the coffers of the federal government based upon the taxes already received into the hands of the federal government.à This keeps those federal tax dollars fo cused in one area instead of spread all over the board.à If states run out of money from the federal government through this specified mean then the balloting of measures asking for the public in general to vote on a new tax for this reason, should be implemented. Some states have public lottery games or gambling which is allowed in public places, of course with age allowances in place.à The federal government has their hands in this pie as well.à I believe that the federal government should step away and not collect taxes on this except maybe through an individual tax return, and allow the states to keep and maintain this taxation as sole entities with a fiscal report as to where these tax dollars are spent.à In addition, taxes collected on gambling should be distributed to the same entities each yr without prevail or each year change their entities of who these taxes go to, to help finance.à This would be akin to alternating weekends of work in the general public forum. Let us go a bit more local.à Each county has their county has their own form of taxation and ways to obtain revenue.à These counties should work together more as a team than what they currently do.à Instead of them allocating their funds to only the departments within (i.e. city tax on water only for water line improvement) they should all pool their monies together.à Thereà should be a strict fiscal plan in place that determines how much money goes where and for what.à Each department of the county should be made each year to make an honest analysis of what they will need to further any improvements that are necessary and not frivolous and based upon that information, this will determine what departments get what.à Maybe the courthouse has an upcoming need to repair a bathroom where as the dump wants a wall around their facility to improve aesthic purposes.à Which is more important?à This should be obvious.à What if the county sheriffââ¬â¢s department needs to have additional law enforcement but has a lack of cars?à Instead of being allowed to buy the new cars each year, cut the rate of cars bought in half and put two people to each car.à This may only mean the savings from not buying 2 or 3 cars but each dollar helps. In the end, the county has a complete record of where all the money goes to and they have all worked together as a team and not against each other due to politics and there may also be more money left over at the end of each year which will definitely lessen the amount of money asked for from the federal government. Healthcare is a big issue.à Public policy should simply enforce specific financial capping rules as to what the healthcare industry can charge for their costs, this is to include doctors and providers of insurance alike.à à If these two entities can work together as a team regarding services, payments and insurance under more strict federal guidelines of what can be charged for these instances, then this would make these two entities work more closely together. All in all, each department of each state, county and city that implements a tax, part of each department should also allocate a small percentage of the tax revenue to a general fund for emergencies or unseen departments that may suddenly need additional fund.à This General fund should also be exhausted before applying for federal grants. Some may consider this a socialistic view regarding public administration and maybe it is, but if so then take a look into Canadaââ¬â¢s or Europes socialization and compare these two to the country of America.à Which one is better off in the long run.à If you can determine that (and it isnââ¬â¢t the USA) then you can determine that they are doing something more correct. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-80353256474556076952020-01-09T02:15:00.001-08:002020-01-09T02:15:03.934-08:00Database Research Essay - 869 Words Introduction In order to obtain peer reviewed research articles related to the impact of the psychological contract on job satisfaction in community mental health care workers it is important to review research that has been completed in a variety of researchers and in different settings. The databases that were selected to locate peer reviewed articles for this paper where Academic Search Complete and ProQuest Psychology. Tutorials were available for each of these databases and ProQuest was used to learn how to navigate through the data base since it was not a familiar data base to this author. ProQuest is a database that offers a variety of options in completing a search. A researcher can select to do a basic search, anâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Results of the analysis were similar to other research findings in other studies in different settings and although measures can be developed for different levels of employees, the psychological contract is different to each employee in relation to how the employee perceives his job and develops his own psychological contract (Cable, 2010). Limitations that could be identified in the study were the small sample size that included only managers, was conducted only in New Zealand and therefore may not be able to be generalized to other countries (Cable, 2010). Results and discussion suggests that future research could expand the understanding on how the fulfillment of the psychological contract could impact an individual employeeââ¬â¢s attitudes and behaviors (Cable, 2010). After a search in ProQuest the article Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation: Driving Individual and Organizational Performance, was selected for review to determine if the content is relevant to research topic. An empirical research method in which the authors reviewed a vast amount of past research was used to explore ways in which managers can use positive motivation to improve public service employee and organizat ional performance as well as give recommendations to assist managers to implement motivational values in a variety of management settings (Paarlberg, L., Lavigna, B.,Show MoreRelatedThe Security Research Of Cloud Database1442 Words à |à 6 Pages The security research of cloud database Hao Xu Professor: Carol Auerbach Course Number: EAP 6110 20 Date: 12/1/2014 1. Introduction 1.1 Background In September, there was breaking news in the American entertainment world ââ¬â private pictures of Hollywood movie star Jennifer Lawrence and other celebrities were leaked online by hacker who stole the pictures from their Appleââ¬â¢s iCloud. 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Waites, N. 2005, pg 258) So with the increasing brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-15296750651783265692019-12-31T22:39:00.001-08:002019-12-31T22:39:04.296-08:00Charles Tex Watson and the Manson Family Charles Tex Watson went from being an A student in his Texas high school to Charles Mansons right-hand man and a cold-blooded murderer. He led the killing spree at theà Tate and LaBiancaà residences and participated in killing each member of both households. Found guilty of killing seven people, Watson is living out his life in prison as an ordained minister. He got married and divorced and fathered four children while in prison, and he claims to feel remorse about those he murdered. Childhood and College Charles Denton Watson was born in Dallas, Texas, on December 2, 1945. His parents settled in Copeville, Texas, a small, impoverished town where they worked at the local gas station and spent time at their church. The Watsons believed in the American dream and worked hard to provide better lives for their three children, of which Charles was the youngest. Their lives were financially modest, but their children were happy and were following proper paths. As Charles got older he became involved in his parents church, the Copeville Methodist Church, where he led devotions for the youth group and regularly attended Sunday night evangelistic services. Inà high school, he was an honor student and track star who set records in high hurdles. He also was editor of the school paper. Determined to attend college, Watson worked at an onion packing plant to save money. His small hometown was beginning to close in on him, and he dreamed of gaining independence by attending college 50 miles away. In September 1964, Watson went to Denton, Texas, to begin his first year atà North Texas State University. His parents were proud of him, and Watson was excited and ready to enjoy his newfound freedom. Academia quickly took a backseat to parties. Watson joined the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity in his second semester, and his focus switched to sex and alcohol. He participated in fraternity pranks, some more serious than others. One involved stealing, and for the first time he disappointed his parents by admitting he broke the law. But his parents lectures failed to dissuade him from getting back to the campus fun. Drugs In January 1967 he began working at Braniff Airlines as a baggage boy. He earned free airline tickets, which he used to impress his girlfriends by taking them for weekend trips to Dallas and Mexico. He was getting a taste of the world away from Texas, and he liked it. During a visit to a fraternity brothers home in Los Angeles, California, Watson was attracted to the psychedelic atmosphere of drugs and free love that took over the Sunset Strip during the 60s. Against his parents wishes, in August 1967 Watson left NTSU and moved to Los Angeles. To keep a promise to his parents to finish college, he began attending classes in business administration atà California State University. He swapped his once-cherished frat clothes for the cooler hippie look, and his preferred high switched from alcohol to marijuana. Watson enjoyed becoming part of the group that separated themselves from the establishment. After a few months, Watson took a job as a wig salesman and quit Cal State. He moved to West Hollywood andà then to Laurel Canyon in a house behind the Strip. His mother visited him just once, after he was hurt in a serious car accident. Unimpressed with his lifestyle, she begged him to return to Texas. Although part of him wanted to return to his hometown, pride kept him from going. He would not see her again until he was on the run forà killingà seven people. Watson began dealing marijuana, and he and his roommate opened a wig shop called Love Locs. It closed quickly, and Watson began relying on drug dealing to pay for his Malibu lifestyle. His desire to earn money soon yielded to wanting to get high, go to rock concerts, and lie on the beach, becoming what he thought was a full-time hippie. He had found his place in the world. Life-Changing Meeting Watsons life changed forever after he picked up a hitchhiker: Dennis Wilson, a member of the rock group the Beach Boys. After they arrived at Wilsons Pacific Palisades mansion, Wilson invited Watson to see the house and meet the people hanging out there. They included Dean Moorehouse, an ex-Methodist minister, and Charlie Manson. Wilson invited Watson to return to the mansion anytime to hang out and swim in the Olympic-size pool. The mansion was filled with dropouts doing drugs and listening to music. Watson eventually moved in, mingling with rock musicians, actors, children of stars, Hollywood producers, Manson, and members of Mansons Love Family. He was proud that a boy from Texas was rubbing elbows with the famous, and he was drawn to Manson and his family, Mansons prophesying, and the relationship his family members had with one another. Manson Family Watson began taking hallucinogens regularly and became consumed by a drug-induced perspective in which he believed love and deep bonds of friendship were formed. He described it as a kind of connection even deeper and better than sex. His friendship with Moorehouse and many of Mansons girls deepened, and they encouraged him to rid himself of his ego and join the Manson family. Wilson began to pull away from the regulars living in his mansion after complaints of child sexual abuse circulated. His manager told Moorehouse, Watson, and others that they had to leave. With nowhere to go, Moorehouse and Watson turned to Manson. Acceptance wasnt immediate, but in time Watsons name changed from Charles to Tex, he gave all his possessions to Charlie, and moved in with the family. In November 1968 Watson left the Manson family and moved to Hollywood with his girlfriend. They were financially comfortable drug peddlers, and Watson changed his hippie image to a more stylish Hollywood look. As their relationship fell apart, Watsons desire to reunite with the Manson family grew. By March 1969, he was back at the nearby Spahn Ranch, a 55-acre former movie set the family had occupied. But their focus had changed into something sinister, which the family called Helter Skelter. For severalà months, Manson spent long hours talking about Helter Skelter, a race war he envisioned to help change society. But the revolution was not happening quickly enough for Manson, and he conceived a plan to kick-start it. On August 8, 1969, the first phase of Helter Skelter began. Manson put Watson in charge of three family membersââ¬âSusan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Linda Kasabian. He instructed Watson to go to 10050 Cielo Drive and kill everyone inside the home, make it look bad, but most important make sure each girl participated. Murders With Watson in the lead, the four entered the home of actress Sharon Tate-Polanski. Once inside they brutally beat, stabbed, or shot the occupants, including the eight-months-pregnant Tate, who begged for her babys life and cried out for her mother as they stabbed her 15 times. Also found shot to death was 18-year-old Steven Earl Parent, who was visiting the caretaker and was caught by the Manson group as he left the house. The next day Manson, Watson, Krenwinkel, Leslie Van Houten, and Steve Grogan drove to the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. Manson and Watson entered the home and bound the couple, then Manson left and sent in Krenwinkel and Van Houten. They stabbed and beat Leno, then Rosemary, then scrawled on the walls in blood the misspelled words Healter Skelter and Kill the Pigs, with triggering a race war in mind. Manson had issued the order to kill but left before the killing began. Eight days after the Cielo Drive murders, police raided Spahn Ranch and rounded up several members on auto theft charges. After the raid the rest of the family headed for Death Valley, but not before Manson, Watson, Grogan, Bill Vance and Larry Bailey killed ranch hand Donald Shorty Shea. Manson believed Shea was the snitch responsible for the raid. Watson stayed with the Manson family until early October, then decided to return to Texas. But his dramatic change since he left home in 1964 made it difficult to stay. He decided to go to Mexico but felt a strong pull to return to Charlie and his real family. He flew to L.A., got near to where the family was staying, but stopped short, believing that Charlie would kill him. Charged Watson returned to his family in Texas, cut his hair, and tried to blend in with this unfamiliar world. He reunited with an old girlfriend and reduced his drug use. The future began to show some promise as parts of his old life returned. All that stopped on November 30, when he was arrested and charged with seven counts of murder for the Tate and LaBianca killings. It took his mother years to believe the charges. Some Manson family members had revealed to the Los Angeles district attorneys office what they had heard around the ranch following the murders. Atkins, who had been arrested, couldnt resist bragging about the family and the murders while in the Sybil Brand Institute for Women east of downtown Los Angeles. Later she told the same story to the grand jury and described Watsons involvement. Not long after, Watson was located in Texas and arrested. After fighting extradition to California for nine months, Watson was finally returned on September 11, 1970. By this time Manson and several of his girls were in their third month of trial. The extradition process prevented Watson from being tried with the group and gave him a chance to see who was being blamed for which crimes so he would know what to admit and what had been blamed on others. Watson began suffering from acute paranoia and regressed to a fetal state, stopped eating, and lost considerable weight. He was sent to Atascadero State Hospital for evaluation of his fitness to stand trial. On August 2, 1971, Watson finally went on trial for the brutal murders. Trial District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi had successfully prosecuted the others involved in the Tate-LaBianca murders and now began the trial of the last, most culpable of all involved. Dressed in a suit and holding the Bible, Watson pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity, yet he was sane enough to admit on the stand only the crimes he knew the prosecution was already aware of. He did not admit to killing Tate or being with Manson when the LaBiancas were taken captive. After two and a half hours of deliberation, Watson was found to have been sane during the murders and received a death sentence. Husband, Father, Author From November 1971 until September 1972, Watson was on death row at San Quentin prison, north of San Francisco. After California briefly outlawed the death penalty, he was moved to California Mens Colony in San Luis Obispo, where he met Chaplain Raymond Hoekstra and became a born-again Christian. Five years after mercilessly murdering seven people, Watson was teaching Bible studies, eventually leading him to form his own prison ministry, Abounding Love Ministries. During his stay at the Colony he wrote an autobiography, Will You Die for Me?, published in 1978. He married Kristin Joan Svege and in 1979 gained the trust of Suzanne Struthers, Rosemary LaBiancas daughter, who fought for his release during a 1990 parole hearing. Through conjugal visits, he and his wife had four children. In 1996 conjugal visits for prisoners serving life sentences were banned. In 2003, he and his wife divorced. As of October 2019, Watson was in the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego, California. Three years earlier he was denied parole for the 17th time. He will next be eligible for parole in 2021. Sources Bugliosi, Vincent and Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter. Bantam Books.Hamilton, Matt. Parole denied for convicted Manson follower Charles ââ¬ËTexââ¬â¢ Watson. Los Angeles Times.Murphy, Bob. Desert Shadows. Sagebrush. Steffens, Bradley. The Trial of Charles Manson. Lucent Books. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-957184633630168982019-12-23T18:26:00.001-08:002019-12-23T18:26:03.447-08:00Comparison of how The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Present... The Flea and To His Coy Mistress are two poems written by poets living during the Renaissance Period. To His Coy Mistress was written by Andrew Marvell and The Flea was written by John Donne. Both of these poets were well-educated metaphysical poets, and these poems illustrate metaphysical concerns, highly abstract and theoretical ideas, that the poets would have been interested in. Both poems are based around the same idea of trying to reason with a mistress as to why they should give up their virginity to the poet. There is a similar theme running through both of the poems, in which both mistresses are refusing to partake in sexual intercourse with both of the poets. The way in which both poets present their argument is quiteâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He goes on to suggest that, when she has killed the flea that holds blood, which in this case is considered as ?life?, from both him and her, that the blood lost had not weakened them (?Find?st not thyself, nor me the weaker now?) and she had not lost any honour. Therefore, with these points considered, the blood she would lose to him would not make her weaker and she would not lose any honour, ?Just so much honour, when thou yield?st to me/ Will waste, as this flea?s death took life from thee?. To some extent, both poets express a way in which they will consummate or have consummated their mistress. Marvell suggests that they should ?roll all their strength and all/ Their sweetness into one ball? and ?tear? their pleasures ?with rough strife/ Through the iron gates of life.? Whereas Marvell explains the consummation as aggressive, sensual and romantic, Donne uses the flea, a very insignificant, unromantic creature, to imply sexual intercourse, ?and in this flee, our two bloods mingled be.? In any poetry, the language used is of paramount importance to the feel and meaning of the poem. Donne and Marvell integrate metaphysical conceits into their writings, Marvell suggests his ?vegetable love? for his mistress, even though this is not, on the whole, very romantic, it illustrates a steadfast idea of natural, organic love that holds no lies and is not temporary, maybe likeShow MoreRelatedthatcher4803 Words à |à 20 Pagesï » ¿1. G. M. Hopkins, ââ¬Å"The Windhoverâ⬠, ââ¬Å"I wake and feel the fell of darkâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ 2. William Shakespeare, Sonnets 1-7 3. John Donne, ââ¬Å"Valediction Forbidding Mourningâ⬠, ââ¬Å"The Fleaâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Hymn to God, My God in my Sicknessâ⬠4. George Herbert, ââ¬Å"The Collarâ⬠, ââ¬Å"The Altarâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Love IIIâ⬠5. Andrew Marvell, ââ¬Å"To his Coy Mistressâ⬠6. T.S. Eliot, ââ¬Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Journey of the Magiâ⬠2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (ââ¬Å"That time of yearâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ) 2. John Donne, ââ¬Å"Holy brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-53483266267340556572019-12-15T14:56:00.001-08:002019-12-15T14:56:03.356-08:00Social Significance of Architecture Free Essays Social Significance of Architecture The use of architecture to improve society dates back as far as any records go. Whether it was the Romans building coliseums, Egyptians constructing pyramids, or the Indians putting up teepees, architecture was a very important aspect of peopleââ¬â¢s lives. Since the earliest of times, architecture has been used to design homes and shelters, as well as centers of gathering for the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Significance of Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now These structures were very well respected by society, and for many years were the only thing for the public to take pride in. Architecture proved to have a huge impact on the lives of people many years ago. But over the past century, the social significance of architects and architecture in our society has been going down. The importance of well designed, eye-pleasing buildings has begun to be overlooked. The hard work and dedication that many architects put in everyday is being ignored by todayââ¬â¢s society. But I believe that architecture strongly influences the choices that people make in their daily lives, helps aid the economy, and gives architects critical thinking skills that allow them to make decisions that could have a significant impact on society. The most straight forward way that architects affect todayââ¬â¢s society is that they design the structures that people use everyday for businesses, sports events, and homes. Architects make a community much more livable and attractive for those who view it. For an architect, it is vital to ensure and dignify the lives of those who live in it (Heyer). For this reason, communities will expand greatly do to the aesthetic quality of the buildings and homes. Along with the sense of visual appeal, another factor that comes into play are the mental aspects that many people subconsciously have while viewing a structure. Several people will make decisions not only off the look, but also the sense of security and safety that they feel about a certain structure. Local architect, Kelly McMurphy, said in a personal interview that ââ¬Å"the aesthetic quality of the design comes second to the precautions that must be taken to ensure the safety of the peopleâ⬠. The mindset of the viewer can be strongly influenced by the architect, and will in turn encourage or discourage a person towards the piece of work. Another way that architecture has an impact of society is that it aids in boosting and supporting the economy. An architect must assume a vital role in protecting the economic state of a community, state, or country (Heyer). As businesses urchase buildings to further their market and families purchase homes to move into, money is shoved into the economy in large portions. With more and more people looking for venues to start or continue their industry, the need for architects rises to new heights. The economy is stimulated greatly by the investments of these structures, and it all begins with an architect designing the structure to be pur chased. Architects can also have a significant responsibility in society by the decisions that they make and the role that they play in the community that may effect the public. The architecture programs and job fields often facilitate the development of critical thinking skills that can often be applied to solving problems and addressing situations beyond the realm of design (Jubany). The ablility to plan, order, and discipline is quite characteristic of modern architects (Heyer). Architects play a significant role in improving the well-being of the community by being involved in nonprofit organizations and raising critical awareness of social issues (Jubany). Because of this, architects can influence society in ways outside of the studio that do not require their professional skills, but rather their critical thinking and ability to process situations in an educated fashion. The last way that architecture displays an impact on society is the fact that it sheds a new light on the modern art. In a time where the arts are beginning to dwindle out, architecture helps portray the importance of having respect and knowledge of modern art. Along with the increase in the public respect of art comes the increase in respect of the arts by the government. In recent years, the government has begun to make nationwide cuts on art funding. Funding of art programs by local and national governments have been cut nearly in half over the last ten years (Heyer). The rise of respect and knowledge for art will help in encouraging the government to put more funding towards art and art related groups. Many may argue that an occupation in architecture is not as important to society as a teacher or a doctor because is does not have as direct of an impact. But when it is looked into deeper, the jobs of doctors and teachers are only possible because an architect provides them with a place to carry out their occupations. Improving education, treating the ill, and imprisoning the criminals would not be an option if it were not for the designing and planning of an architect. The importance of an architect in todayââ¬â¢s society is strongly overlooked by most people. Architects provide visual appeal to a community and give people a sense of protection and security. They are also capable of affecting society outside of the studio by providing educated decisions to the community. Without architects, many other businesses and occupations would struggle to expand, or not be possible at all. Works Cited Jubany, Helena L. ââ¬Å"The Social Responsibility of Architects. â⬠DesignIntelligence. Di. net, 9 June 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. http://www. di. net/articles/archive/the_social_responsibility_architects/. Heyer, Paul. Architects on Architecture; New Directions in America. New York: Walker, 1966. Print. McMurphy, Kelly. Personal interview. 22 Apr. 2012. How to cite Social Significance of Architecture, Essay examples brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-37389286667311529772019-12-07T11:39:00.001-08:002019-12-07T11:39:04.164-08:00Do you agree or disagree with the following statement actions speak louder than words free essay sample That actions play an important role in making every persons life is an undeniable fact. Should people realize the advantages of being active persons instead of being talkative person in their lives, they will ponder over them much more scrupulously. This issue has recently been the topic of debate among experts. I do believe that our actions speak louder than our words, and these are my justifications. To begin with, in these days everyone speaks about everything but I believe that actions impress persons and remain in minds, for example a lover always talks about his bravery and courage for his sweetheart, but if he proves it by his actions, she will impress there for she will believe that he is a brave man in her heart, otherwise she will never emphasize to his words a lot. The second reason why i advocate this point of view lies in the fact that actions explain our personality traits because we just can prove our personality traits like honesty, loyalty, sacrifice, kindness, faithfulness, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? actions speak louder than words or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page for example we can prove kindness with our actions like by helping who needs our considerations, or we can prove our sacrifice by disregarding our wanting in front of our friends or family. Finally, I believe that our actions make our success therefore they make our lives. For example, I want to be an engineer, therefore I should try hard by studying hard and attending to classes and if I do these works, I can be an engineer and not by saying words like that I want to be an engineer. By taking all above-mentioned arguments into consideration, the following conclusions can be drawn about the issue. Understanding the advantages of being active person in life is logical. Attending to this issue properly contributes to people to being active person not being talkative person, and can improve their personality and lives. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-66051240699017977912019-11-29T23:22:00.001-08:002019-11-29T23:22:03.409-08:00Jonathan Edwards Essays - Hell, Christian Eschatology, Jonathan Edwards The Puritan man must tread lightly and avoid sins in order to enter the good graces of God. Otherwise, the undeserving man will plunge by God's own hand into the pits of hell. Mercy is not easy to come by and those sinners who are not embraced by the kingdom of Heaven will live in eternal, painful misery. Jonathan Edwards' sermon was obviously not intended to encourage his congregation, but to frighten them into good, pure submission. He sears his point onto their brains by using extensive figurative language, including multiple gothic metaphors and similes. For example, Edwards repeatedly preaches about how each man walks on God's thin hand, which is all that holds the man above the fiery lakes of Hell. If the man becomes or is a sinner, God releases the man into Hell, not because of His wrath, but because the man has chosen his own path by his sins. Edwards' God seems, in fact, to be somewhat indifferent towards the fate of each human and only releases or embraces the man when his actions warrant it. God plays no part in the fate of men. ?Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards Hell.? Edwards implies that no matter how righteous or healthy a man is, wickedness counts for more in the eyes of an angry God. Each transgression adds weight to the sinner's shoulders, and when God releases the man to Hell's fiery depths, his good qualities weaken under the burden of the sins and can no longer hold him out of the pits of Hell. Edwards compares the fragility of a man's righteousness and the weight of his sins to a spider's web trying to hold up a heavy rock. Both are futile attempts that will only end in the rock's fast descent to the earth. Whatever the situation, no man wants to suffer the wrath of God. According to Edwards, ?the wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present,? rising higher and higher until they are released and flow slowly over. As the water continues to fl ow, it becomes stronger and more powerful to the point where it overcomes the lives of men. However, until evil and wickedness surface in Puritan society, His vengeance remains trapped behind His hand, rising and gathering, much like the guilt of sinners. If God decides to release His floodgate, all dishonorable men will be swallowed by wrath and descend to fire and brimstone. Edwards reiterates that his God acts on whim, sometime merciful, sometimes cruel and pitiless. In fact, Edwards says, ?it is nothing but His mere pleasure that keeps you from being this moment swallowed up in everlasting destruction.? Not only do Edwards' uses of figurative language contribute to the black mood of his sermon, they enhance it. His sermon was meant to instill terror in the hearts of his congregation, and as he spoke of Hell, brimstone, and a merciless God, his audience could probably see the dark clouds of guilt above their heads. Edwards was a powerful, persuasive speaker, and each dark metapho r created fear that was great enough to convince his audience never stray off of the path to the gates of Heaven. The Puritans seemed to be greatly concerned with guilt and an entrance to Heaven, so Edwards stressed that mercy is hard to come by from a God who sees his creations only as worthless insects who are easily dropped into eternal misery. Most importantly, when the day of judgement actually arrives, many sinners will be left behind, or, as Edwards described it, dropped from the hand of God into Hell. In conclusion, the Puritans had a very thin line to walk between righteousness and wickedness, and it was necessary to tread on the line very lightly. Barely moving onto the evil side of this moral line could plunge a man into shame, possibly getting him shunned from both his village and the gates of Heaven. Jonathan Edwards knew exactly how to herd his frightened congregation onto the pure side of the imaginary line entirely through the use of black, horrific, figurative langu age. The brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-32205639508442872372019-11-25T21:54:00.001-08:002019-11-25T21:54:03.209-08:00Essay on The History of CriminolgyEssay on The History of Criminolgy Essay on The History of Criminolgy Essay on The History of CriminolgyThe topic selected for conducting a research is The History of Criminology. This topic has been selected to study because it is an interesting topic, which encompasses a variety of issues to be analyzed and discussed. The history of criminology stands for the history of science and practice, which plays a crucial role in the study of different aspects of criminology. The topic needs to be researched to better understand the nature of criminology and the functioning of criminologists in different periods of time.Moreover, the topic The History of Criminology needs to be researched to address a wide range of problems and challenges that exist in todayââ¬â¢s field of criminology. In recent years, much has been done to conduct a research regarding the major causes and consequences of crime, but the origins of this type of research date back to the eighteenth- nineteenth centuries. According to Garland and Sparks (2000), ââ¬Å"contemporary criminology inhabits a rapidly changing worldâ⬠(p. 189). The character of criminology is changing because of considerable changes in social life and political, economic and cultural environments. These changes are reflected in ââ¬Å"crime rates, crime policy and in the practices of policing, prevention and punishmentâ⬠(Garland Sparks, 2000, p. 189).Analyzing the topic, it is necessary to refer to the major issues that should be discussed in the research. The history of criminology highlights the role of crime and punishment in modern society, identifying the nature of crime issues that are connected with the daily routines of people, their emotional and cultural lives. In general, the field of criminology requires a ââ¬Å"sense of its own historyâ⬠(Laub, 2004). It is necessary to develop and apply the key concepts of the life-course perspective to the development of criminology as an academic discipline. The research will be focused on analyzing criminology in the U.S. over the last 100 years. Special attention should be paid to the key life-course phases in the development of criminology, as well as to the major turning points in this field. The history of criminology can help to realize the ideas regarding crime issues.The intended outcome of the research should address a variety of problems and challenges that exists in our society today and affect criminology. According to researchers, ââ¬Å"criminology, is its broadest sense, consists of our organized ways of thinking and talking about crime, criminals and crime controlâ⬠(Garland Sparks, 2000, p. 192). The research will help to enhance understanding of contemporary criminology.The qualitative approach will be taken in conducting the research. The qualitative research approach requires the use of research questions as the basis of research. Thus, the actions will be aimed at setting the research questions and reviewing literature to find the answers to these questions, and providing long-t erm observation or participation in the real situations and settings. The two major research questions that will be discussed in the research include: ââ¬Å"How the history of criminology can help to address the major problems and challenges in the field today?â⬠and ââ¬Å"Why the history of criminology is effective in the practices of policing, prevention and punishment?â⬠The qualitative research approach will help to solve problems in the field of criminology based on new conclusions. Today criminologists and criminal justice historians effectively use the key findings from the history of criminology in their work, including the facts that prove the relationship between the past, present and future of criminology (Lawrence, 2012). brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-8756585845906189112019-11-22T05:18:00.001-08:002019-11-22T05:18:04.175-08:00Application of 2D gas chromatography for environmental analysis All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earthââ¬â¢s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the worldââ¬â¢s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GCââ¬âTOF MS versus 1D-GCââ¬âTOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GC?GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earthââ¬â¢s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises ââ¬Å"hillockâ⬠[20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to ââ¬Å"unsolution complex mixtureâ⬠at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxidesââ¬â¢ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided ââ¬Å"cleanlyâ⬠the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GCââ¬âTOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutantââ¬â¢s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistanceââ¬â¢s extraction to the complex sampleââ¬â¢s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sampleââ¬â¢s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrixââ¬â¢s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) ââ¬â GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrixââ¬â¢s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone ââ¬â and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sampleââ¬â¢s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compoundââ¬â¢s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GCââ¬âECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in personââ¬â¢s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in personââ¬â¢s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp personââ¬â¢s blood serum extractionââ¬â¢s 15 pesticideââ¬â¢s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutantââ¬â¢s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in personââ¬â¢s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in personââ¬â¢s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular materialââ¬â¢s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identificationââ¬â¢s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensateââ¬â¢s basic scoreââ¬â¢s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC systemââ¬â¢s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1ââ¬â19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490ââ¬â500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19ââ¬âS24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503ââ¬â511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. 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Application of 2D gas chromatography for environmental analysis All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earthââ¬â¢s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the worldââ¬â¢s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GCââ¬âTOF MS versus 1D-GCââ¬âTOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GC?GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earthââ¬â¢s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises ââ¬Å"hillockâ⬠[20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to ââ¬Å"unsolution complex mixtureâ⬠at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxidesââ¬â¢ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided ââ¬Å"cleanlyâ⬠the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GCââ¬âTOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutantââ¬â¢s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistanceââ¬â¢s extraction to the complex sampleââ¬â¢s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sampleââ¬â¢s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrixââ¬â¢s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) ââ¬â GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrixââ¬â¢s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone ââ¬â and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sampleââ¬â¢s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compoundââ¬â¢s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GCââ¬âECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in personââ¬â¢s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in personââ¬â¢s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp personââ¬â¢s blood serum extractionââ¬â¢s 15 pesticideââ¬â¢s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutantââ¬â¢s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in personââ¬â¢s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in personââ¬â¢s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular materialââ¬â¢s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identificationââ¬â¢s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensateââ¬â¢s basic scoreââ¬â¢s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC systemââ¬â¢s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1ââ¬â19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490ââ¬â500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19ââ¬âS24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503ââ¬â511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. 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Anal Chem. 2004, 74:4441ââ¬â4451. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-25322949558802861092019-11-20T20:37:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:37:03.410-08:00Explain the importance of strategic alliances in international AssignmentExplain the importance of strategic alliances in international business and the reasons why companies choose this growth strateg - Assignment Example This action of entering into foreign markets opens up the firm to benefits of economies of scale and increased opportunities for marketing and distribution. However, the cost linked with entering into foreign markets may far out-span the capabilities of a single firm (BLEEKE & ERNST 1993, 27). This then dictates the need to enter into a strategic alliance with another international firm. This has the effect of expediting the rate of entry into the foreign market albeit maintaining relative low costs (SHENKAR & REUER 2006, 71). Several logistical tussles are still to be encountered with entry into foreign markets. These tussles range from entrenched competition, unfriendly government regulation and irrelevant beauracracies (GIBBS & HUMPHRIES 2009, 45). There is a higher prospect of overcoming these obstacles when strategic alliances are employed, as contrasted to when the firm decides to venture into foreign markets on a solitary basis. There exist three core categories via which stra tegic alliance can be regarded. The first one of these is joint ventures. Joint ventures are formed when the respective companies combine to form an independent company. The respective companies decide to share the profit and loss of the new entity that will be created. One of the most notable cases where joint venture was created is that of Sony Ericson. Sony and Ericson decided to form a new entity known as Sony Ericson Mobile Communications. However, this new entity has just recently been fully owned by the Sony Corporation who renamed it Sony Mobile Communications. The next category of strategic alliances is equity strategic alliances. This entails the new partners having different percentages of equity in the new venture. Depending on the motive or goal of the strategic alliance, the partners can either opt to share equity in each otherââ¬â¢s business on in one business. The determining factor is the reason for the strategic alliance. An example of such an alliance is that b etween Star-Bucks and Kraft. The last category of strategic alliance is non-equity strategic alliances. This is when a strategic alliance is carried out on the terms of a contract agreement rather than on the ownership basis. The relationship of this kind is usually referred to as a contractual relationship. A good example of a non-equity strategic alliance is the one between Vodafone and Telecom Malaysia. The deal was signed in 2006 whereby Vodafone was the leading partner. Strategic alliance requires a well though-out procedure to ensure the alliance is successful and realizes its intended goal(s). Prior to embarking on an alliance, firms should choose partners whose strategic goals and objectives are compatible to their own. The firm should take into consideration the extent to which synergy will be availed. Additionally, firms should endeavour to participate in strategic alliances that complement the firm. This translates to mean that, firms ought to engage in alliances that wil l complement their skills, their products and services in addition to its market share. Akin to all business agreements, rules and regulations must be incorporated into strategic alliances. These factors are divided into scope of operation and length of cooperation. The scope of operation entails partners agreeing on how to handle potentially competitively sensitive information. Secondly, it expounds on what will be shared and what will brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-29958954823063758792019-11-18T23:34:00.001-08:002019-11-18T23:34:03.824-08:00The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Cities since 1780 EssayThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Cities since 1780 - Essay Example Before the industrial revolution took force in England, most of the population lived in rural areas. In fact, over the course of the nineteenth century the population rate of towns would grow from 16% to 54% (Roberts, 348). Up until this time the government's response to civil services in cities was based on the laissez-faire concept of leaving people to their own devices. Because most citizens lived in agricultural areas such necessities as transportation, water and sanitation were not deemed necessary concerns for government interference. The sudden and overwhelming influx of the populace into tight, centralized location forced the government to reconsider this method of governance. With the construction of factories and housing for the labourers sent to work in those factories, cities were faced with newfound and critical needs to reorganize their policies on sewage, travel infrastructure and water supplies. Although the industrial revolution led to terrible working conditions for men, women and even children, and sparked the era of pollution and environmental and ecological exploitation, it was also the driving force behind development and modernization of public transportation, schooling, and health care (Roberts, 351). As a result of people moving into brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-78243283888203611702019-11-16T12:06:00.001-08:002019-11-16T12:06:04.080-08:00Website Lesson Plans Essay Example for Free Website Lesson Plans Essay In math there are many interactions that can be done to get children to learn math. With these interaction it will build skills that will help lay the foundation for more confident math learner. With the development of problem solving children will understand that there are many different ways to come up with an answer and apply it to math successfully and to apply it to their everyday life. To do this children need to be included in activities and in math language. It can include weighting, measuring, comparing, and figuring out numbers, numbers, charts, shape or symbols. With mathematical reasoning children are able to think logically, see similarities and the differences in objects or problems. They will be able to make choices based on their own findings. The children will be about to think about the relationship or math language that it might hold for them. These lesson will be able to show anyone what a child is learning, how, and why they learn math. It helps them calculate in mathematical method. It will identify the levels at which individual child are working in the subject of learning. These children will be studying for an instructional goal or objective of learning that is required for the teaching in the standard of math. The major concept skill of students, principle will be identify and learned. One or more concept skills will be taught and addressed in the lessons. In a 5th grade math ââ¬Å"Numbers and Operationsâ⬠lesson the object of it is to get children to learn why numbers are an important part of every day life. It helps to talk with the children about the different reasons why numbers are used in everyday life. After the teacher talks to the student then the teacher can ask the children some question on numbers. What are some uses for numbers? Why are numbers important? The teacher than can let the class look around the room and see if they can point out any uses for numbers in the classroom. After a while the teach will point out some less obvious uses for numbers in the room: the number two on a pencil, the clock, the windows in the room, the number of paint brushes, and the number of children in the classroom. The teacher can than re-ask more questions about numbers: where can the children see numbers, why are numbers there, are they measuring, representing groups, or telling time (Discovery Education, 2013)? When everyone has returned to their desk and shared what they have found the teacher will ask all the students to imagine a world without numbers: what would it be like, how would the classroom or school be different, and how would things be different? The students will have a few minutes to think and share their thoughts about the subject. Than the teacher will talk about what the children do in the class or at home: what would be hard to do with out numbers, how does numbers help them know when to go to school, how does numbers help them stand in line or how many plates to get for the table? By asking the children these questions it really gets them to think about why and how numbers are used in every day life (Discovery Education, 2013). Near the end of class the children will write or draw in their journals to show a time they had used number in their life. The higher level children can write and draw a picture to show what they did. When they are done in their journal the children can display their work for the class to see (Discovery Education, 2013). This lesson is about getting the children to understand numbers. The children find ways to represent numbers in their life. They also start to build a relationship and system with numbers. The children come to understand the measurable attribute, process, system measurement of objects and units in numbers (Discovery Education, 2013). brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2767653075876159299.post-74465511998897077102019-11-14T00:36:00.001-08:002019-11-14T00:36:05.419-08:00False Perception of Equality in Society Essay example -- Literary Anal In Kurt Vonnegutââ¬â¢s story, ââ¬Å"Harrison Bergeron,â⬠everyone is made equal by the United States Handicapper Genera1 while the country is under totalitarian control. Handicaps are forced upon the people by the Handicapper General to create an all-equal society. The character George Bergeron is forced to stay equal by the governmentââ¬â¢s laws of equality while his wife, Hazel Bergeron, is of only average intelligence, and consequently not given a handicap. Their son, however, has broken the laws of equality and is fugitive of the United States Handicapper General. The conflict between the United States Handicapper General and the Bergeron family helps to establish and develop the theme of a false perception of equality. George and Hazel Bergeron help to establish the theme of the false perception of equality in the society: ââ¬Å"George, while his intelligence was way above normal, had a little mental handicap radio in his earâ⬠(1200). The handicap radio sends sharp noises ever few minutes to break his thought process. This handicap stops George from having an advantage over anyone in intelligence. George is also forced to wear a handicap bag around his neck to make him weaker: ââ¬Å"She was referring to the forty-seven pounds of birdshot in a canvas bag, which was padlocked around Georgeââ¬â¢s neckâ⬠(1201). In the eyes of the society these handicaps make him equal. His wife Hazel, however, does not have a handicap that she is forced to wear: ââ¬Å"Having no mental handicap herselfâ⬠she is already average, so there is no need for a physical or mental handicap (1200). The story explains this, ââ¬Å"Hazel had a perfectly average intelligence, which meant she couldnââ¬â¢t t hink about anything except in short burstsâ⬠(1200). Hazel and George are a clear example of wh... ...he ballerina, the musicians, and Harrison all have the desire to break free of the governmentââ¬â¢s false perception of equality, for they acted out of accordance when given the opportunity without fear of punishment In the story the government has created an all-equal system in order to control society and to stop any chance of revolt. The government has clearly succeeded in their goal of brainwashing Hazel and George into believing in the system of equality even when it clearly has major flaws. Vonnegutââ¬â¢s point to the story is that Harrison has fallen short of the governmentââ¬â¢s accord causing chaos and proving that an all-equal system exists only for totalitarian control. The irony is that the gifted individuals are given handicaps and the average people are left free of any constraints, and the truth is, that within the equal society inequality is the sovereign. brookecruz1992http://www.blogger.com/profile/12144251493509040342noreply@blogger.com0